Beef Goes Modern
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World War II

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Mag Me! Purina Mills advertisement for pork tushonka
Source: Successful Farming


Even before the United States was dragged into World War II on December 7, 1941 food was always something that could be sold on a large scale, a strategic commodity. Through the Lend-Lease program established in March of 1941, the United States was already providing critical food to Allied Nations like England, France, China, and the Soviet Union. The Russians particularly enjoyed a canned beef specialty, tushonka, millions of which were created at the Omaha Cudahy Plant.
With its entry into the War, the United States faced a huge problem in assuring an adequate supply of food for its troops and its citizens. Beef was a critical element in the food supply chain.
Women supervised by military personnel in meatpacking plant
Source: Nebraska State Historical Society


Office of Price Administration (OPA) Poster
Source: U.S. Government Public Domain		 The Roosevelt administration created the Office of Price Administration (OPA) to try to keep prices from rising too fast (inflation) and to ration scarce essential commodities. The OPA set ceilings (maximum prices), on beef that theoretically assured that the profit margins (amount of money made above actual costs) stayed at the same level as they were in the pre-war years. They also established ceilings for hogs and corn.

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Mag Me!Customers shopping at the meat counter in
Freadrich Bros. Cash & Carry Market, 1945
Source: Nebraska State Historical Society

Not only did the OPA manipulate prices at the point of production, but they placed controls on packing house production and established ceiling prices for meat at the butcher counter. The OPA also established a system of rationing meat to assure that everyone in the country had an adequate supply. Ration stamps were issued to every man, woman, and child, and households struggled to budget their stamps to assure enough meat on the table.


Ration Stamps for Meat, Fats, Fish, Cheese
Source: U.S. Government Public Domain

So, if you wanted a pound of steak, you went to the meat market and paid the ceiling price of 60 cents plus one red ration stamp (stamps were color-coded for various kinds of commodities). But that was only if there was meat in the butcher’s counter.

While the ceiling price for beef was low, the government set corn prices artificially high. They also established floors (the lowest prices you could pay) on hogs. The government wanted to encourage high hog production for several reasons.
  • First, hogs matured faster than cattle did, and so the time from birth to slaughter was shorter.

  • Second, the government encouraged over-fattening hogs because it needed lard for the manufacture of weapons and accessories, or munitions, not just for cooking.

Herding Cattle on the Higgins Ranch, 1940s
Source: Nebraska State Historical Society

Ranchers and feeders found that the high price of corn and the low price of cattle made it economically unfeasible to fatten cattle on corn. Instead, ranchers kept their cattle in their pastures, feeding them grass instead of corn to bring them up to sale weight. But that took much longer.


Buying Cattle at an Auction
Source: Nebraska State Historical Society


Meatpackers bought the lighter, grass-fed, and therefore cheaper cattle rather than the more expensive, fatter, corn-fed animals. They did this because of the ceiling on prices that they could charge the meat market or grocery store.

Find out more about beef during World War II in this video.